[B-0]22349[B-1]
[B-2]The annual report of the National Authority for Higher Education in Parliament The country has one of the largest student populations in Europe Which sciences do students choose Brain drain in the doctoral category[B-3]
[B-4]Only one in two students who enter universities eventually get a degree. According to the National Higher Education Authority (NHEA) Annual Report on the Quality of Higher Education for 2020 submitted by President Pericles A. Mitkas to the Parliament and the Minister of Education, our country has one of the largest student populations in Europe and the OECD, but lags behind in the number of graduates by 50% of those admitted to universities.[B-5][B-6][B-6] Employment of graduates in Greece is at a significantly lower level than that of European and OECD countries.[B-7][B-8][B-9]Which sciences are chosen by the majority of students[B-10][B-11][B-12]Most students choose engineering, construction and building sciences (20.97%), business administration and legal studies at 20.66%, followed by arts and humanities with 13,25%, social sciences and journalism with 12.69%, natural sciences, mathematics and statistics with 9.52%, health and welfare sciences with 7.8%, education with 4.6%, agricultural and veterinary sciences with 4% and computer science with 3.4%.[B-13][B-14]As Mr. Mitkas says: "2020, the year of the Authority's first operation, was undoubtedly a special year for the field of higher education, as, due to the sudden appearance and rapid spread of covid-19, higher education institutions around the world and in our country temporarily suspended their operations in the early spring of 2020, affecting over 220 million students, numerous researchers, teaching and administrative staff. Thus, Universities were forced to operate in an unprecedented environment of distance education, adapting their academic, mainly academic, operation in a context of modern and asynchronous tele-education and a combination of alternative methods of assessment and information with digital tools and the use of ICT. The phenomenon and the impact of the pandemic is, unfortunately, ongoing and remains to be investigated in depth, but the first conclusions from studies in Greece and abroad show that institutions are faced with a number of challenges in the short and medium to long term reference horizon".[B-15][B-16]2020 was, in addition, a year of adjustment for 11 of the 24 Universities in Greece, which were asked to operate with their new academic constitution, in implementation of the 2018 and 2019 changes, and to develop new Undergraduate Programmes of Studies (POPs) alongside the existing programmes of the former TEI. The HEAE monitors the progress of the new Departments and records the problems and efforts to address them both by the administrations of the institutions and by the Ministry of Education.[B-17][B-18][B-19]The percentage of higher education degree holders in Greece has been increasing over time[B-20][B-21].
[B-22]OECD and Eurostat data show that the level of higher education of the population, internationally, shows an upward trend over time, both in the 25-34 and 25-64 age groups. In the OECD countries as a whole, people aged 25-34 have on average a higher level of education than older people. In terms of gender, women higher education graduates outnumber men. In Greece, the share of higher education degree holders aged 25-34 is close to the OECD average: 42% compared to 45% in the OECD. By contrast, in the 25-64 age group the share of higher education degree holders is significantly lower: 32% compared to 40% in the OECD. In terms of gender, women with a higher education degree in Greece outnumber men by 15%. However, the pay of women with a higher education degree is only 78% of that of men.
Employment of graduates in Greece is at a significantly lower level than that of European and OECD countries.[B-23][B-24] Greece is at the bottom of the OECD countries in terms of employment of both higher education graduates aged 25-64 (76%) and young graduates aged 25-34 (73%) (levels 5-8), 12 percentage points below the OECD average.[B-25][B-26] However, holding a master's degree increases the chances of employment by 7%, compared to the chances of holding a first higher education degree, while holding a doctorate increases the chances of employment by 13%. In terms of graduate earnings, Greece ranks relatively low among OECD countries, 16 percentage points below the average. Worryingly, graduate unemployment, particularly among young people, is on the rise, while overall graduate unemployment in Greece remains at the highest level among EU28 countries, although it shows the largest decrease between 2016 and 2020. The unemployment rate of female graduates in Greece exceeds that of men by almost 20 percentage points.[B-27][B-28][B-29]Greece has one of the highest rates of student unemployment relative to its population[B-30][B-31][B-32]It should be noted that because the measurement is based on enrolled students and a large proportion of them are considered inactive, the comparison does not accurately reflect reality. For the same reasons, the percentage of graduates in the total number of students per year (8.91)% remains the lowest among European countries and is significantly below the European average (25%).
It is also noteworthy that in Greece the proportion of men remains higher than women in the first cycle of studies, unlike in most countries.However, both in the number of graduates and in postgraduate studies, women outnumber men.[B-33][B-34][B-35]Greece has the highest ratio of students per teacher[B-36][B-37][B-38]The teaching staff in Greece remains the smallest in relation to the student population and has the worst ratio of women to men among European and OECD countries.[B-39][B-40]Greece remains the country with the highest ratio of students per teacher, 28 points below the European average. The ratio is unfavourable due to the relatively large student population, which includes inactive students. In addition, Greece has the worst male/female ratio of teaching staff, with a much higher proportion of men among teaching staff (64.3%) compared to the European average. The proportion of teaching staff under 35 years of age (3.30%) is particularly low (the lowest in Europe), due to a significant lag in the recruitment of new faculty members during the years of the economic crisis.[B-41][B-42][B-43]Public funding in Greece is increasing compared to previous years[B-44][B-45][B-46]Public funding of higher education in Greece, while recording the lowest rates in the EU, according to EUA data for 2018, with a simultaneous increase in the student population, in the year 2020 recorded a slight increase, especially in staff salaries, with the annual subsidy of operating costs from the Ministry of Education remaining at the same levels as in previous years[B-44][B-45][B-46]Public funding of higher education in Greece, while recording the lowest rates in the EU, according to EUA data for 2018, with a simultaneous increase in the student population, in the year 2020 recorded a slight increase, especially in staff salaries, with the annual subsidy of operating costs from the Ministry of Education remaining at the same levels as in previous years.[B-47][B-48]Research in Greek HEIs performs relatively well, which is supported by the active participation of HEIs in European competitive programmes.[B-49][B-50]Greece continues to rank relatively high (18th) in terms of the number of scientific publications among 52 European countries and 17th in terms of the ratio of citations per publication. However, the country's performance is relatively low (26th out of 28 countries) in terms of the ratio of the number of publications per researcher.[B-51][B-52]Research funding remains low, but spending on R&D in higher education has increased from the previous year, while the total research potential in higher education has increased from the previous year but remains at a lower level than in 2015. The participation of Greek HEIs in European research programmes is quite high and exceeds the European average by 1.4%.[B-53][B-54][B-54] Young doctoral researchers in Greece are emigrating in search of stable employment in their field, while noting the lack of innovation and corresponding positions in Greek companies.[B-55][B-56][B-57]Brain drain[B-58][B-59][B-60]Addressing the brain drain phenomenon specifically concerns the category of PhDs and, according to the studies, is linked both to the existence of institutionalised research positions in academia and to the recognition of the research profession in companies.[B-61][B-62]The results of studies by the National Centre for Documentation and Electronic Content and their conclusions are presented below:[B-63][B-64]As regards the educational profile of post-doctoral researchers, more than 75% of all three levels of higher education have obtained their degrees from Greek institutions. The highest percentage of titles from foreign institutions is recorded in postgraduate studies (23%).[B-65][B-66]In relation to addressing the phenomenon of scientific brain drain, it emerges that 28% of postdocs have resided abroad in the last 5 years, with the following reasons: a) professional (59.1%), b) studies (30.3%), c) the economic situation (7.6%) and d) other personal reasons (3%). 24.2% of postdocs stated that they decided to return to Greece in order to be able to participate in a specific funded activity, while 53% had already returned. It is worth mentioning - in conjunction with this finding - that this action prevented 33.9% of postdocs from seeking employment abroad, but 36.4% of postdocs stated that they were still considering this possibility. The question that arises, therefore, is why this is the case. The three most important reasons are the search for a specific type of employment in a research/academic field, the current situation in the country and career prospects.[B-67][B-68][B-69]Greece is relatively lagging behind in terms of its performance in the European structural indicators for higher education[B-70][B-71][B-72]The European Commission's annual report on education reflects the progress of national education systems towards achieving European objectives through 35 structural indicators focusing on European education policies. Progress is measured by indicators such as (a) widening participation of underrepresented groups in higher education, (b) monitoring the socio-economic status of students, (c) the recognition of non-formal and informal learning at entry to higher education, (d) the integration of degree completion into quality assurance processes and (e) performance-based funding mechanisms for higher education.[B-73][B-74]The presence of Greek universities in international ranking lists remains relatively stable, despite fluctuations in their position among the rating agencies.[B-75][B-76]The position of Greek universities in the main international rankings of ARWU, THE, QS, Scimago, URAP and Webometrics shows some fluctuations, while remaining relatively stable from the second hundred and below, based on the most recently published data. Among the Greek universities, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the National Technical University of Athens, the National Technical University of Athens and the University of Crete are in the highest positions, but there are several variations in the order of ranking depending on the rating agency.[B-77][B-78]Source: protothema.gr[B-79][B-79]
[B-80]Contents of this article including associated images are belongs to [B-81]Cyprus Times[B-82]
Views & opinions expressed are those of the author and/or [B-83]Cyprus Times[B-84][B-85]
[B-86]Source[B-87]
[B-2]The annual report of the National Authority for Higher Education in Parliament The country has one of the largest student populations in Europe Which sciences do students choose Brain drain in the doctoral category[B-3]
[B-4]Only one in two students who enter universities eventually get a degree. According to the National Higher Education Authority (NHEA) Annual Report on the Quality of Higher Education for 2020 submitted by President Pericles A. Mitkas to the Parliament and the Minister of Education, our country has one of the largest student populations in Europe and the OECD, but lags behind in the number of graduates by 50% of those admitted to universities.[B-5][B-6][B-6] Employment of graduates in Greece is at a significantly lower level than that of European and OECD countries.[B-7][B-8][B-9]Which sciences are chosen by the majority of students[B-10][B-11][B-12]Most students choose engineering, construction and building sciences (20.97%), business administration and legal studies at 20.66%, followed by arts and humanities with 13,25%, social sciences and journalism with 12.69%, natural sciences, mathematics and statistics with 9.52%, health and welfare sciences with 7.8%, education with 4.6%, agricultural and veterinary sciences with 4% and computer science with 3.4%.[B-13][B-14]As Mr. Mitkas says: "2020, the year of the Authority's first operation, was undoubtedly a special year for the field of higher education, as, due to the sudden appearance and rapid spread of covid-19, higher education institutions around the world and in our country temporarily suspended their operations in the early spring of 2020, affecting over 220 million students, numerous researchers, teaching and administrative staff. Thus, Universities were forced to operate in an unprecedented environment of distance education, adapting their academic, mainly academic, operation in a context of modern and asynchronous tele-education and a combination of alternative methods of assessment and information with digital tools and the use of ICT. The phenomenon and the impact of the pandemic is, unfortunately, ongoing and remains to be investigated in depth, but the first conclusions from studies in Greece and abroad show that institutions are faced with a number of challenges in the short and medium to long term reference horizon".[B-15][B-16]2020 was, in addition, a year of adjustment for 11 of the 24 Universities in Greece, which were asked to operate with their new academic constitution, in implementation of the 2018 and 2019 changes, and to develop new Undergraduate Programmes of Studies (POPs) alongside the existing programmes of the former TEI. The HEAE monitors the progress of the new Departments and records the problems and efforts to address them both by the administrations of the institutions and by the Ministry of Education.[B-17][B-18][B-19]The percentage of higher education degree holders in Greece has been increasing over time[B-20][B-21].
[B-22]OECD and Eurostat data show that the level of higher education of the population, internationally, shows an upward trend over time, both in the 25-34 and 25-64 age groups. In the OECD countries as a whole, people aged 25-34 have on average a higher level of education than older people. In terms of gender, women higher education graduates outnumber men. In Greece, the share of higher education degree holders aged 25-34 is close to the OECD average: 42% compared to 45% in the OECD. By contrast, in the 25-64 age group the share of higher education degree holders is significantly lower: 32% compared to 40% in the OECD. In terms of gender, women with a higher education degree in Greece outnumber men by 15%. However, the pay of women with a higher education degree is only 78% of that of men.
Employment of graduates in Greece is at a significantly lower level than that of European and OECD countries.[B-23][B-24] Greece is at the bottom of the OECD countries in terms of employment of both higher education graduates aged 25-64 (76%) and young graduates aged 25-34 (73%) (levels 5-8), 12 percentage points below the OECD average.[B-25][B-26] However, holding a master's degree increases the chances of employment by 7%, compared to the chances of holding a first higher education degree, while holding a doctorate increases the chances of employment by 13%. In terms of graduate earnings, Greece ranks relatively low among OECD countries, 16 percentage points below the average. Worryingly, graduate unemployment, particularly among young people, is on the rise, while overall graduate unemployment in Greece remains at the highest level among EU28 countries, although it shows the largest decrease between 2016 and 2020. The unemployment rate of female graduates in Greece exceeds that of men by almost 20 percentage points.[B-27][B-28][B-29]Greece has one of the highest rates of student unemployment relative to its population[B-30][B-31][B-32]It should be noted that because the measurement is based on enrolled students and a large proportion of them are considered inactive, the comparison does not accurately reflect reality. For the same reasons, the percentage of graduates in the total number of students per year (8.91)% remains the lowest among European countries and is significantly below the European average (25%).
It is also noteworthy that in Greece the proportion of men remains higher than women in the first cycle of studies, unlike in most countries.However, both in the number of graduates and in postgraduate studies, women outnumber men.[B-33][B-34][B-35]Greece has the highest ratio of students per teacher[B-36][B-37][B-38]The teaching staff in Greece remains the smallest in relation to the student population and has the worst ratio of women to men among European and OECD countries.[B-39][B-40]Greece remains the country with the highest ratio of students per teacher, 28 points below the European average. The ratio is unfavourable due to the relatively large student population, which includes inactive students. In addition, Greece has the worst male/female ratio of teaching staff, with a much higher proportion of men among teaching staff (64.3%) compared to the European average. The proportion of teaching staff under 35 years of age (3.30%) is particularly low (the lowest in Europe), due to a significant lag in the recruitment of new faculty members during the years of the economic crisis.[B-41][B-42][B-43]Public funding in Greece is increasing compared to previous years[B-44][B-45][B-46]Public funding of higher education in Greece, while recording the lowest rates in the EU, according to EUA data for 2018, with a simultaneous increase in the student population, in the year 2020 recorded a slight increase, especially in staff salaries, with the annual subsidy of operating costs from the Ministry of Education remaining at the same levels as in previous years[B-44][B-45][B-46]Public funding of higher education in Greece, while recording the lowest rates in the EU, according to EUA data for 2018, with a simultaneous increase in the student population, in the year 2020 recorded a slight increase, especially in staff salaries, with the annual subsidy of operating costs from the Ministry of Education remaining at the same levels as in previous years.[B-47][B-48]Research in Greek HEIs performs relatively well, which is supported by the active participation of HEIs in European competitive programmes.[B-49][B-50]Greece continues to rank relatively high (18th) in terms of the number of scientific publications among 52 European countries and 17th in terms of the ratio of citations per publication. However, the country's performance is relatively low (26th out of 28 countries) in terms of the ratio of the number of publications per researcher.[B-51][B-52]Research funding remains low, but spending on R&D in higher education has increased from the previous year, while the total research potential in higher education has increased from the previous year but remains at a lower level than in 2015. The participation of Greek HEIs in European research programmes is quite high and exceeds the European average by 1.4%.[B-53][B-54][B-54] Young doctoral researchers in Greece are emigrating in search of stable employment in their field, while noting the lack of innovation and corresponding positions in Greek companies.[B-55][B-56][B-57]Brain drain[B-58][B-59][B-60]Addressing the brain drain phenomenon specifically concerns the category of PhDs and, according to the studies, is linked both to the existence of institutionalised research positions in academia and to the recognition of the research profession in companies.[B-61][B-62]The results of studies by the National Centre for Documentation and Electronic Content and their conclusions are presented below:[B-63][B-64]As regards the educational profile of post-doctoral researchers, more than 75% of all three levels of higher education have obtained their degrees from Greek institutions. The highest percentage of titles from foreign institutions is recorded in postgraduate studies (23%).[B-65][B-66]In relation to addressing the phenomenon of scientific brain drain, it emerges that 28% of postdocs have resided abroad in the last 5 years, with the following reasons: a) professional (59.1%), b) studies (30.3%), c) the economic situation (7.6%) and d) other personal reasons (3%). 24.2% of postdocs stated that they decided to return to Greece in order to be able to participate in a specific funded activity, while 53% had already returned. It is worth mentioning - in conjunction with this finding - that this action prevented 33.9% of postdocs from seeking employment abroad, but 36.4% of postdocs stated that they were still considering this possibility. The question that arises, therefore, is why this is the case. The three most important reasons are the search for a specific type of employment in a research/academic field, the current situation in the country and career prospects.[B-67][B-68][B-69]Greece is relatively lagging behind in terms of its performance in the European structural indicators for higher education[B-70][B-71][B-72]The European Commission's annual report on education reflects the progress of national education systems towards achieving European objectives through 35 structural indicators focusing on European education policies. Progress is measured by indicators such as (a) widening participation of underrepresented groups in higher education, (b) monitoring the socio-economic status of students, (c) the recognition of non-formal and informal learning at entry to higher education, (d) the integration of degree completion into quality assurance processes and (e) performance-based funding mechanisms for higher education.[B-73][B-74]The presence of Greek universities in international ranking lists remains relatively stable, despite fluctuations in their position among the rating agencies.[B-75][B-76]The position of Greek universities in the main international rankings of ARWU, THE, QS, Scimago, URAP and Webometrics shows some fluctuations, while remaining relatively stable from the second hundred and below, based on the most recently published data. Among the Greek universities, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the National Technical University of Athens, the National Technical University of Athens and the University of Crete are in the highest positions, but there are several variations in the order of ranking depending on the rating agency.[B-77][B-78]Source: protothema.gr[B-79][B-79]
[B-80]Contents of this article including associated images are belongs to [B-81]Cyprus Times[B-82]
Views & opinions expressed are those of the author and/or [B-83]Cyprus Times[B-84][B-85]
[B-86]Source[B-87]
